Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is a key component of urban air pollution. [29] Approximately two-thirds or 69% of NOx emitted in Ontario in 2012 came from the transportation sectors. NO 2 is the main source of nitrate aerosols, which form an important fraction of PM 2.5 and, in the presence of ultraviolet light, of ozone. What Are the Sources of Nitrogen Dioxide? These gases, especially nitrogen dioxide, are products of vehicle, power plant, and off-road equipment emissions caused by fuels burning at high heat. [8] Nitrogen dioxide is a paramagnetic, bent molecule with C2v point group symmetry. The nitrogen oxides ("NOx" of which NO 2 is one component) are emitted from any combustion process. NO2 is favored at higher temperatures, while at lower temperatures, dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) predominates. Near-roadway (within about 50 metres (160 ft)) concentrations of NO2 have been measured to be approximately 30 to 100% higher than concentrations away from roadways. NO2 exposure concentrations near roadways are of particular concern for susceptible individuals, including asthmatics, children, and the elderly.[30]. NO2 is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of nitric acid, millions of tons of which are produced each year for use primarily in the production of fertilizers. Nitrogen dioxide is an ubiquitous product of combustion, occurring in exhaust from motor vehicles, emissions from the combustion of stationary fuel sources such as coal, oil or natural gas and various industrial sources NO 2 is used as the indicator for the larger group of nitrogen oxides. Some 67% of variation in indoor nitrogen dioxide levels could be explained by presence of major sources, house age, and outdoor levels. Other nitrogen oxides include nitrous acid and nitric acid. It can be fatal if inhaled in large quantity. [38], While using a gas stove, it is advised to also use ventilation. The very high temperature in the vicinity of a lightning bolt causes the gases oxygen and nitrogen in the air to react to form nitric oxide. Globally, natural sources of nitrogen dioxide, mainly lightning strikes, volcanic activity, bacterial action, and wildfires, are outweighed by anthropogenic sources. There, it chemically reacts with antioxidant and lipid molecules in the ELF. Important human sources come from agriculture, fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Pollution. Nitrogen dioxide is a reddish-brown gas above 21.2 °C (70.2 °F; 294.3 K) with a pungent, acrid odor, becomes a yellowish-brown liquid below 21.2 °C (70.2 °F; 294.3 K), and converts to the colorless dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) below −11.2 °C (11.8 °F; 261.9 K).[6]. Direct exposure to the skin can cause irritations and burns. Road transport is estimated to be responsible for about 50% of total emissions of nitrogen oxides, which means that nitrogen dioxide levels are highest close to busy roads and in large urban areas. Additionally, because home insulation is improving, this can result in greater retention of indoor air pollutants, such as NO2. Studies show a connection between breathing elevated short-term NO2 concentrations, and increased visits to emergency departments and hospital admissions for respiratory issues, especially asthma. The study concluded that higher levels of NO2 within a home were linked to a greater level of respiratory symptoms among the study population. [39] If venting isn't possible, then replacing gas stoves with electric stove could be another option. NO2 along with other NOx  reacts with other chemicals in the air to form both particulate matter and ozone. [23], Acute harm due to NO2 exposure is only likely to arise in occupational settings. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-15/068, 2016. This bond length is consistent with a bond order between one and two. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxides (NO x ). NO2 forms from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants, and off-road equipment. Traces of NO2 can be found in tobacco smoke. While unlike methane, it is not a greenhouse gas, nitrogen dioxide emissions are harmful to the health of humans and our environment. Nitrogen dioxide is a brown gas, with the chemical formula NO 2. We measure nitrogen dioxide at some of our air monitoring sites. [13], NO2 is used as an intermediate in the manufacturing of nitric acid, as a nitrating agent in manufacturing of chemical explosives, as a polymerization inhibitor for acrylates, as a flour bleaching agent.,[14]:223 and as a room temperature sterilization agent. Nitrogen dioxide (NO. [11] This reaction is negligibly slow at low concentrations of NO2 characteristic of the ambient atmosphere, although it does proceed upon NO2 uptake to surfaces. "NO2" redirects here. The health effects of NO2 are caused by the reaction products or their metabolites, which are reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species that can drive bronchoconstriction, inflammation, reduced immune response, and may have effects on the heart. The aims of this study were to characterize the indoor air quality of wayside shops using multiple NO₂ measuremen … The lone electron in NO2 also means that this compound is a free radical, so the formula for nitrogen dioxide is often written as •NO2. Most often this happens in the combustion process of oil or coal, but more commonly in urban areas, nitrogen oxides are released through the combustion of cars and other road vehicles. Nitric acid decomposes slowly to nitrogen dioxide by the overall reaction: The nitrogen dioxide so formed confers the characteristic yellow color often exhibited by this acid. [24][25], For skin or eye exposure, the affected area is flushed with saline. Nitrogen dioxide is sourced both indoors and outdoors. Most NO 2 is emitted by combustion (fossil fuels, wildfires). [36], Interaction of NO2 and other NOx with water, oxygen and other chemicals in the atmosphere can form acid rain which harms sensitive ecosystems such as lakes and forests. Nitrous oxide. [22], Gaseous NO2 diffuses into the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the respiratory epithelium and dissolves. related to traffic density as well as point sources. According to the 2000 census, over half of US households use gas stoves[33] and indoor exposure levels of NO2 are, on average, at least three times higher in homes with gas stoves compared to electric stoves with the highest levels being in multifamily homes. The influence of indoor air pollutants on health is important because the majority of people in the world spend more than 80% of their time indoors. [15] It is also used as an oxidizer in rocket fuel, for example in red fuming nitric acid; it was used in the Titan rockets, to launch Project Gemini, in the maneuvering thrusters of the Space Shuttle, and in unmanned space probes sent to various planets. It hydrolyses to give nitric acid and nitrous acid: This reaction is one step in the Ostwald process for the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia. [10] NO2 is paramagnetic due to its unpaired electron, while N2O4 is diamagnetic. Contact Us to ask a question, provide feedback, or report a problem. Unlike ozone, O3, the ground electronic state of nitrogen dioxide is a doublet state, since nitrogen has one unpaired electron,[9] which decreases the alpha effect compared with nitrite and creates a weak bonding interaction with the oxygen lone pairs. Nitric oxide Dinitrogen tetroxide A major source of indoor exposure to NO2 is the use of gas stoves for cooking or heating in homes. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology. Other possible sources include improperly vented furnaces, water heaters, and clothes dryers. Both of these are also harmful when inhaled due to effects on the respiratory system. In Victoria, nitrogen dioxide levels are usually low. At elevated temperatures nitrogen combines with oxygen to form nitric oxide: In the laboratory, NO2 can be prepared in a two-step procedure where dehydration of nitric acid produces dinitrogen pentoxide, which subsequently undergoes thermal decomposition: The thermal decomposition of some metal nitrates also affords NO2: Alternatively, reduction of concentrated nitric acid by metal (such as copper). Nitrogen dioxide is one of the six common air pollutants. Absorption of light at wavelengths shorter than about 400 nm results in photolysis (to form NO + O, atomic oxygen); in the atmosphere the addition of O atom so formed to O2 results in ozone formation. This gas is a common air pollutant identified by its reddish-brown color. Nitrogen dioxide is formed in most combustion processes using air as the oxidant. Nitrogen (IV) oxide is a yellowish-brown liquid in its compressed form or reddish-brown gas. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry via the CDC, University of Kansas Hospital, Poison Control Center, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Air quality guidelines – global update 2005", "The Impact of Unvented Gas Heating Appliances on Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide Levels in 'TIGHT' Homes", International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC): Nitrogen Dioxide, Medical Management Guidelines for Nitrogen Oxides, Poison Facts: Medium Chemicals: Nitrogen Dioxide, "40 C.F.R. For the general public, the most prominent sources of NO 2 are internal combustion engines burning fossil fuels. Breathing it in can irritate your throat and lungs. Coal and gas-powered power plants are the foremost source of nitrogen dioxide emissions in the energy industry. [40], The U.S. EPA has set safety levels for environmental exposure to NO2 at 100 ppb, averaged over one hour, and 53 ppb, averaged annually. 01. [16], For the general public, the most prominent sources of NO2 are internal combustion engines burning fossil fuels. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a highly reactive gas, and is representative of a group of other highly reactive gases known collectively as nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is a gas. Nitrogen dioxide is a gas that may be harmful to your health and the environment. The bond length between the nitrogen atom and the oxygen atom is 119.7 pm. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of a group of gases called nitrogen oxides. Its vapors are heavier when compared to air. It is important to keep gas stoves and heaters in good repair so they are not polluting extra NO2. The chemistry of nitrogen dioxide has been investigated extensively. NO2 is used as the indicator for the larger group of nitrogen oxides. 2015 International Residential Code that requires that vent hoods are used for all stoves and set standards for residential buildings. Coal- and gas-fired power plants and vehicles constitute the major anthropogenic (human-produced) sources. [8] As of February 2016, no area of the US was out of compliance with these limits and concentrations ranged between 10 and 20 ppb, and annual average ambient NO2 concentrations, as measured at area-wide monitors, have decreased by more than 40% since 1980. [30], The effects of toxicity on health have been examined using questionnaires and in-person interviews in an effort to understand the relationship between NO2 and asthma. Replacing gas stoves with electric ranges could greatly reduce the exposure to indoor NO2 and improve the respiratory function of children with asthma. Natural sources create 62% of total emissions. Major indoor nitrogen dioxide sources were: gas stoves, vented gas heaters, and smoking. A natural source of nitrogen oxides occurs from a lightning stroke. Gas stoves and space heaters are the most common indoor sources of NO 2 emissions. Sources of Nitrogen oxides In high temperatures oxygen and nitrogen to merge together as a compound. Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) is a major contributor to the formation of smog and a precursor to many harmful secondary pollutants, including ozone and particulate matter.It’s highly reactive with other chemicals and is a strong oxidizing agent. [28], Even small day-to-day variations in NO2 can cause changes in lung function. In fact, in-vehicle concentrations can be 2–3 times higher than measured at nearby area-wide monitors. An official website of the United States government. Alkyl and metal iodides give the corresponding nitrites: NO2 is introduced into the environment by natural causes, including entry from the stratosphere, bacterial respiration, volcanos, and lightning. Nitrogen dioxide is a gaseous air pollutant with the chemical formula NO2. Nitrogen dioxide, or NO2, is a gaseous air pollutant composed of nitrogen and oxygen. April 2002. NO 2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel. Nitrogen Dioxide Space Administration Nitrogen dioxide—or NO 2—is a toxic gas found in our atmosphere. NO 2 forms from emissions from cars, trucks and buses, power plants, and off-road equipment. About nitrogen dioxide. Other nitrogen oxides include nitrous acid and nitric acid. There are often no symptoms at the time of exposure other than transient cough, fatigue or nausea, but over hours inflammation in the lungs causes edema. [19], Workers in industries where NO2 is used are also exposed and are at risk for occupational lung diseases, and NIOSH has set exposure limits and safety standards. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) is one of a group of highly reactive gases known as oxides of nitrogen or nitrogen oxides (NOx). : Appendix A to Part 355—The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities", "Short-term air pollution exposure decreases lung function: a repeated measures study in healthy adults", "Historical Census of Housing Tables -House Heating Fuel", "Influences of asthma and household environment on lung function in children and adolescents: the third national health and nutrition examination survey", "A Longitudinal Study of Indoor Nitrogen Dioxide Levels and Respiratory Symptoms in Inner-City Children with Asthma", "A cross-sectional study of the association between ventilation of gas stoves and chronic respiratory illness in U.S. children enrolled in NHANESIII", National Pollutant Inventory – Oxides of nitrogen fact sheet, Answer to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004), Current global map of nitrogen dioxide distribution, A review of the acute and long term impacts of exposure to nitrogen dioxide in the United Kingdom, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_dioxide&oldid=1021869588, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs, Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 7 May 2021, at 03:53. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. When these energy sources burn fuel incompletely, there is the risk of NO2 being produced. Make sure sources of nitrogen dioxide are vented to the outside. Winter levels are typically higher than those in summer, due to greater use of gas appliances in … Chapter 7.1. NO2 forms when fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas or diesel are burned at high temperatures. What is nitrogen dioxide and how does it affect the environment? Outdoors, NO 2 can be a result of traffic from motor vehicles. Only very high concentrations of the gaseous form cause immediate distress: 100–200 ppm can cause mild irritation of the nose and throat, 250–500 ppm can cause edema, leading to bronchitis or pneumonia, and levels above 1000 ppm can cause death due to asphyxiation from fluid in the lungs. This requires that all range hoods have a vent that discharges outside. People with asthma, as well as children and the elderly are generally at greater risk for  the health effects of NO2. It is chemically related to nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide), a colourless gas with the chemical formula NO (Figure 1). NO 2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel. Important natural sources include soils under natural vegetation and the oceans. [31] This may be a result of the “hygiene hypothesis” or "western lifestyle” that captures the notions of homes that are well insulated and with fewer inhabitants. When inhaled, NO 2 persists to the lung periphery because of its relatively low solubility. At 150 °C, NO2 decomposes with release of oxygen via an endothermic process (ΔH = 14 kJ/mol): As suggested by the weakness of the N–O bond, NO2 is a good oxidizer. In a cohort study with inner-city minority African American Baltimore children to determine if there was a relationship between NO2 and asthma for children aged 2 to 6 years old, with an existing medical diagnosis of asthma, and one asthma related visit, families of lower socioeconomic status were more likely to have gas stoves in their homes. NO2 exists in equilibrium with the colourless gas dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4): The equilibrium is characterized by ΔH = −57.23 kJ/mol, which is exothermic. [31] With respect to geographic region, the prevalence of asthma has ranged from 2 to 20% with no clear indication as to what's driving the difference. Nitrogen dioxide is a deep red-orange gas. Known sources of nitrogen dioxide gas poisoning include automobile exhaust and power stations. NO2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel. [34], However, NO2 concentrations in vehicles and near roadways are appreciably higher than those measured at monitors in the current network. In large cities, motor vehicle traffic and domestic heating are the main source of … [17], Indoors, exposure arises from cigarette smoke,[18] and butane and kerosene heaters and stoves. Nitrogen Dioxide. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2) is one of a group of gases called nitrogen oxides (NO x ). Research has shown that children with asthma who live in homes with gas stoves have greater risk of respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, cough and chest tightness. This further exemplifies that NO2 toxicity is dangerous for children. Chronic exposure to NO2 can cause respiratory effects including airway inflammation in healthy people and increased respiratory symptoms in people with asthma. Nitrogen dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula NO2 .It is one of several nitrogen oxides. Exposure to NO₂ may produce adverse health effects. At higher temperatures it is a reddish-brown gas. The major sources of anthropogenic emissions of NO 2 are combustion processes. 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