Contents. This includes separate and privately funded Zoroastrian, Jewish, and Christian schools but does not include Baháʼí schools. In 1501, Safavid dynasty established the Twelver Shi‟a Islam as the official state religion. What people are saying - Write a review. Zoroastrianism is based on the opposition between the good and the bad, represented by two distinct spirits, and the fact that there is a conflict between order and chaos. At least 90 percent of Iran’s population is Shiite. Bibliotheca Persica Press, 2000 - Religion - 455 pages. [1][26], Baháʼís are not allowed to bury and honor their dead in keeping with their religious tradition. Zoroastrianism is an ancient Persian religion that may have originated as early as 4,000 years ago. Religion and Politics Since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, religious leaders have played a major role in the Iranian political system. [21], It is estimated that a minimum of 13 Jews have been executed by Iran since the country's revolution. Members of religious minorities with a college education could serve as an officer during their mandatory military service but could not be a career military officer. Religion in Iran Religion in Iran. Iran is … Judaism has a very long history in the country, although the Revolution and the establishment of Israel have left just under 9,000 Jews in the country. About 200 divinities are mentioned in the texts coming from the ancient city of Susa. Most of our knowledge from this ancient religion comes from the archaeological evidence found on different sites of Persia. Zoroastrian served as the national- or state religion of a significant portion of the Iranian people for many centuries before it was gradually marginalized by Islam from the 7th century onwards. Jewish leaders reportedly were reluctant to draw attention to official mistreatment of their community due to fear of government reprisal. Around 89% belong to Shi'a branch of Islam, the official state religion, and about 9% belong to the Sunni branch of Islam. In line with other anthropological research , a quarter of our respondents said they believed in jinns or genies. Many historic Baháʼí gravesites have been desecrated or destroyed. It took another few hundred years for Shi'a Islam to gather and become a religious and political power in Iran. In James Finn, ed., Religion and Global Economics , 1983. Iran is a predominantly Shi'ite country where Sunnis and Sufis are minority Muslim communities. The largest non-Muslim minority is the Baháʼí community, which has an estimated 300,000 to 350,000 adherents throughout the country. Yet, their influence has been spread to the edges of Asia and Europe, and have left their marks on many thinkers, writers, and philosophers. (2020 Calendar), Top Experiences You Should not Miss While Visiting Iran. Another religious minority in Iran is the Baha'is, a belief that was born in Persia at the end of the 19th century and is restricted in Iran nowadays. The worship of Mithra was based on natural elements, such as the fire and the sun, and this cult slowly declined to eventually disappear in the early 5th century. [21] Some continued religious classes and some dropped them all together. As of 2006, there were indications that members of all religious minorities are emigrating at a higher rate than previously. The report also stated that Baháʼís must be expelled from universities, either in the admission process or during the course of their studies, once it becomes known that they are Baháʼís. Therefore, religion is a major aspect of Iranian culture and social life. [26] In 2000 in the city of Abadeh, a Revolutionary Guard officer bulldozed a Baháʼí cemetery with 22 graves. For a Christian, Jew or Zoroastrian there is constant pressure at school to convert. In one instance, a woman from Isfahan who legally traveled abroad found that her home had been confiscated when she returned home. It was prohibited that Muslims attend these meetings of minority groups - some groups restricted events so only their own religious members could attend. [1], In 1993, the UNSR reported the existence of a government policy directive regarding the Baháʼís. With the arrival of Islam in Persia though, the religion slowly declines and was even repressed under the Abbasids. [34], The Government continued to imprison and detain Baháʼís based on their religious beliefs. All women and Baháʼí men were excluded from the equalization provisions of the bill. Denial of access to higher education appears aimed at the eventual impoverishment of the Baháʼí community. "Theatre in the Middle East." [23], Recognized religious minorities are allowed by the Government to establish community centers and certain cultural, social, sports, or charitable associations that they finance themselves. Of them include two men (not of the ones written above) hanged in 1997 for allegedly spying for Israel and the United States; as well as businessman Ruhollah Kadkhodah-Zadeh who was hanged in prison without a public charge or legal proceeding, apparently for assisting Jews to emigrate. Although there are no official statistics of the size of the Sufi Muslim population, some reports estimated between two and five million people practice Sufism compared to approximately 100,000 before 1979. Religion of Iran The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims of the Ithnā ʿAsharī , or Twelver, Shiʿi branch, which is the official state religion. The Constitution of Iran stipulates that Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians are the only recognized religious minorities. Nor do Muslims who convert to another religion. Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Religija u Iranu / Религија у Ирану . However, the opposite trend has occurred since 2000, and the number of Christians with Iranian citizenship increased to 109,415 in 2006 and 117,704 in 2011. There are two large groups of Christian minorities in Iran; Armenians and Assyrians. [21] Circa 1996 a settlement was reached; during the first two months of each school year, the ministry-provided Persian book on religious ethics is taught in Armenian schools while Armenian-approved religious lessons are taught in Armenian for the rest of the year. Regardless, thousands of Jews had emigrated in the first eight months of 1987 through Austria. Government authorities claim that only Muslim plaintiffs are eligible for compensation in these circumstances. If they believe in Christian writings, Assyrians relate to the Church of the East, also called Nestorian or Persia Church, as it was founded under the Persian Empire of the Sassanids. [2], Late November, 2018 prison warden Qarchak women prison in Varamin, near the capital Tehran attacked and bit three Dervish religious minority prisoners when they demanded their confiscated belongings back.[51]. [2], The Government allows recognized religious minorities to conduct the religious education of their adherents. The Bahá’í faith is a significant minority religion in Iran. [32] [26], Iran has taken some positive steps in recognizing the rights of Baháʼís, as well as other religious minorities. From 4% to 8% of the Iranian population is considered instead Sunni, mostly Kurdish and Baluch ethnicity. GAMAAN Religion in Iran 2020 – identifications. The conviction is highly doubted by the rest of the world. [2], During the latter part of 2000, a Special Clerical Court began the trial of Hojatoleslam Hassan Yousefi Eshkevari, a cleric who participated in a conference in Berlin on Iran, on charges of apostasy, "corruption on earth," "declaring war on God," and "denial of basic religious principles," which potentially carry the death penalty. فارسی: مذهب در ایران . [2] The condition imposed began from 1981 and were reiterated in the fall of 1983 - the Ministry of Education and Training ordered that religious education must be done in Persian, a text written by the MET must be taught in all registered religious minority schools, schools must seek special permission for any ceremonies, and in keeping with society-wide restrictions, female teachers and students must observe Islamic dress code including Hijab when necessary (this last was re-inforced in 1985. [34], More recently, in the later months of 2005, an intensive anti-Baháʼí campaign was conducted by Iranian newspapers and radio stations. However, it appears to be an accurate reflection of current government practice designed to eradicate slowly the Baháʼí community. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran mandates that the official religion of Iran is Shia Islam and the Twelver Ja'fari school, and also mandates that other Islamic schools are to be accorded full respect, and their followers are free to act in accordance with their own jurisprudence in performing their religious rites. "Religion and Development in Iran from the Qajar Era to the Islamic Revolution of 1978–1979." From inside the book . It's nowadays the world's second-largest religion. [42][43], The authorities are "vigilant in curbing proselytizing activities by evangelical Christians" including when services are conducted in Persian,[2] but some sources indicate that Bibles and religious material on Persian are freely available to Iranians. Freedom of religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) is marked by Iranian culture, major religion and politics. Constitutional protections of freedom of belief are tempered by the fact that the death penalty has been imposed on the basis of vague charges, such as “‘attempts against the security of the state,’ ‘outrage against high-ranking officials,’ and ‘insults against the memory of Imam Khomeini and against the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic,’” and has been imposed on the basis of crimes like "drug smuggling" that religious (and political) dissidents have no plausible connection with. Nowadays in Iran, the number of Sufis is estimated between two and five million. Muslims base their faith upon the Quran, a holy book containing the words of God. Religion and Politics in Iran | Council on Foreign Relations [35], The head of the Anti-Defamation Union says that the tomb of "Esther and Mordecai", the burial place of Xerxes' Jewish wife, which is considered a Jewish religious site, has been set on fire in Hamedan. Zoroastrians are free to make, without government interference, their annual pilgrimage to one of the holiest sites of their faith, the temple of Chak-Chak (near the city of Yazd). )[21] The course was taught by Muslim teachers at least 3 hrs/wk. There is also one seat for a member of the Jewish faith, and one for a member of the Zoroastrian faith. For example, in early 1983 the MET specifically requested that the Armenian religious schools teach religion in Persian and time allocated to the Armenian languages must be reduced or eliminated. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. [21], The textbook the MET wrote on the minority religions was called Talimat-e Maxhadi Vizheh-ye Aqaliathaye Mazhabi - (Kalimi, Zarthoshti, Masihi); Religious Studies Specifically for Religious Minorities: (Jews, Zoroastrians, Christians. Religious independence and respect for other religions of the book derive directly from the writings of the Quran. Unofficial estimates indicated an Assyrian Christian population of approximately 10,000. [2], Members of religious minorities, are supported in their pursuit of serving in the judiciary and security services. Previously Baháʼí marriages were not recognized by the Government, leaving Baháʼí women open to charges of prostitution. The authorities then failed all the students. Influenced by Maldivian diplomat and politician Dr. Ahmed Shaheed’s article titled “Freedom of Religion and Belief in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, I will generally explain Islam’s role in Iran’s government, from the 1979 Revolution to the present to show how the Iranian government is limiting minority religions. According to the directive, the Supreme Revolutionary Council instructed government agencies to block the progress and development of the Baháʼí community, expel Baháʼí students from universities, cut Baháʼí links with groups outside the country, restrict employment of Baháʼís, and deny Baháʼís "positions of influence," including in education. To fight this conflict and reach happiness, Zoroastrians follow the principle of "Good thoughts, good words, and good deeds". If some religions have disappeared since others are still practised in Iran. Many of the teachings of this religion are missing, as it was based on the oral tradition. USCIRF–RECOMMENDED FOR COUNTRIES OF PARTICULAR CONCERN (CPC)", "International Religious Freedom Day PRESS STATEMENT", "Iran: US 'religious freedom' report flawed, founded on misinformation", "Islamic Penal Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran – Book Five", "Iran: Sufi Activists Convicted in Unfair Trials", "Letter from the Iranian Ministry of the Interior", "Iran: Information on the Armenian Apostolic Church and on how the church and its members are treated", "Iran: Information on the Jewish community in Tehran between 1990 and 1996, including names of prominent leaders, names of synagogues, important religious events, and information on the arrests between June and September 1993 of four people who were charged with providing fraudulent documents to members of the Jewish community to help them leave the country", "Muslim women should be able to marry non-Muslim men", "Human rights activists in Iran publish disturbing annual report summarizing human rights violations in 2013", "The Specter of Ideological Genocide: The Baháʼís of Iran", "IHRDC Condemns the Arrest of Leading Baháʼís", "Iran: Arbitrary arrests / Prisoners of conscience", "Persecution of Iran's Baháʼís ramped up: threats to "uproot", prison sentences and psychological pressures", "اعلامیه مرکز جهانی بهاییان: تهدید و آزار بهاییان؛ "تحولی هولناک و بسیار نگران کننده, "رییس "اتحادیه ضد افترا" از آتش کشیده‌شدن مقبره "استر و مردخای" مکان مقدس یهودیان در همدان خبر داد", "شهناز ثابت، شهروند بهایی جهت تحمل حبس به زندان عادل آباد شیراز منتقل شد", "شهناز ثابت، شهروند بهایی، در زندان شیراز محبوس شد", "Iranian Pastor Youcef Nadarkhani's potential execution rallies U.S. Christians", "Shirin Ebadi chides Switzerland over Iran", "ایران و عربستان بار دیگر در فهرست "ناقضان آزادی مذهب, "Assyrians' central office officially transferred to Iran", Gonabadi Dervish Women Brutally Beaten Up In Qarchak PrisonBy Iran HRM Last updated Nov 27, 2018, The Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Residential segregation in the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran&oldid=1017306599, Articles with dead external links from June 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 01:18. No religious minorities are exempt from military service. Many of these restrictions moderated in time or were applied to or affected one religion more vs others (see below) and the government has occasionally also taken steps to bring attention to issues important to a religion - in 1982 the Ministry of Post and Telegraphs printed a stamp commemorating the birth of Jesus. This approval requirement sometimes imposed significant translation expenses on minority communities. According to U.N. figures, there were approximately 300,000 Christians, the majority of whom are ethnic Armenians. In February 2000, following approval of the bill, the head of the judiciary issued a circular letter to all registry offices throughout the country that provided for any couple to be registered as husband and wife without being required to state their religious affiliation. Iran also has a deteriorating human rights record. For example, in 2005 many newspapers celebrated the one-hundredth anniversary of the anti-Semitic publication Protocols of the Elders of Zion. [26], The Government appears to adhere to a practice of keeping a small number of Baháʼís in arbitrary detention, some at risk of execution, at any given time. [11] Iran’s Penal Code has no provisions criminalizing apostasy, as of January 18, 2012. This case study investigates the social, economic, and political dynamics of 1970s Iran that led the Iranian people to accept, and then maintain, religion as the basis of a new political system after deposing Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1979. Because the Baháʼí Faith has no clergy, the denial of the right to form such institutions and elect officers threatens its existence in the country. Unofficial reports of discrimination in employment and education has come up, but are by no means frequent. After that, there were successive dynasties who adopted the Shi‟a Islam as the official religion in Iran. One of the biggest differences between these two currents resides in the figure considered as the rightful successor of the prophet. The Supreme Leader of Islamic Republic controls the most important levers of power; he is chosen by a group of 86 religious scholars. Zoroastrianism was the original state religion of Iran and was one that swayed life for the majority of the people in the nation/ empire. In particular, critics alleged that the clerical courts were used to prosecute certain clerics for expressing controversial ideas and for participating in activities outside the area of religion, including journalism. Most Iranians, 78%, believe in God, but only 37% believe in life after death and only 30% believe in heaven and hell. [33], While Jews are a recognized religious minority, allegations of official discrimination are frequent. All acts of the Majles (legislative body) must be reviewed for conformity with Islamic law and principles by the Council of Guardians, which is composed of six clerics appointed by the Supreme Leader and six Muslim jurists (legal scholars) nominated by the Head of the Judiciary and elected by parliament. This does not apply to the Baháʼí community, which since 1983 has been denied the right to assemble officially or to maintain administrative institutions. [12], However, the adherents of religions not specifically protected under the Constitution do not enjoy freedom of activity. 1: [2], Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap). [52], The Jewish community has been reduced to less than one-half of its prerevolutionary size. Synagogues, Jewish schools, kosher butchers can be found in main cities of Iran, such as Tehran and Isfahan. The Supreme Leader is both the country’s top Islamic cleric and its most powerful political official, while the Guardian Council – a body of religious scholars – can veto any legislation it deems not in accordance with Islam. The Ministry of Education, which imposes certain curriculum requirements, supervises these schools. In 2008, the central office of the International Union of Assyrians, a mistranslation in the Iranian press for the Assyrian Universal Alliance, was officially transferred to Iran after being hosted in the United States for more than four decades. Yet, the largest Christian community in Iran are the Armenians, with about 80.000 members today (they were 300.000 in 1979). With few exceptions, the directors of such private schools must be Muslim. According to the statement, the Iranian authorities have ramped up their persecution of the Baháʼís, targeting at least 71 individuals across the country in recent weeks. At the end of the 1983 academic year the MET requested the questions that were to be included in the final exam and the questions had to be sent in Persian and were ordered to be used in Persian as the final exam. Religion in Iran is dominated by the 12th-century Shiite variant of Islam, which is the state religion, with an estimated number of believers ranging between 90% and 95%. Manicheism is another major ancient religion which has disappeared today. Islam, Iran's state religion and minorities The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims, more precisely Shia Muslim, which is the official religion of the Islamic Republic. In November 1999, President Khatami publicly stated that no one in the country should be persecuted because of his or her religious beliefs. Today, Iran is known to be an Islamic country with 99.4% of the country identifying as Muslims. Culture, Performance, and Communication in Iran , 1982. The Government is highly suspicious of any proselytizing of Muslims by non-Muslims and can be harsh in its response, in particular against Baháʼís , Sunni Muslims and evangelical Christians. However, marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men are not recognized unless the man shows proof that he has converted to Islam. The United States and Israel both demanded their release. More ancient than Mithraism is the Elamite religion, which we know little about, as few sources have remained. Some schools ignored the demands on languages, others did limit teaching to 2 hrs and others removed it entirely. [citation needed] Status related to this issues can be hard to determine because of poor relationships between Iran and other states, such as the United States, and due to Iran's strict controls of media and information. This was not a totally satisfactory settlement of the issue for both sides, but it settled the issue. Religious texts in non-Persian languages require approval by the authorities for use. [36], According to the U.N. High Commission for Refugees Background Paper on Iran, the Mandaeans are regarded as Christians, and are included among the country's three recognized religious minorities. Mithraism is a polytheistic religion, and one of Persia's oldest faith. However, in 1995 the limit on languages was raised from 2 hrs to 5 hrs per week in Tehran as well. The Government regards the Baháʼí community, whose faith originally arose from a movement within Islam, as a misguided or wayward "sect. In Iran, it has about 25.000 members (for 300.000 in the 1970s), mainly located in Yazd and Kerman Provinces, while India has the largest population of Zoroastrians today. The Prophet Zoroaster is believed to have lived in Persia around the first century BC. Estimates on the size of the Jewish community vary from 20,000 to 30,000. Jewish leaders reportedly are reluctant to draw attention to official mistreatment of their community due to fear of government reprisal. 2. In addition the Government stipulated that no markers be put on individual graves and that no mortuary facilities be built on the site, making it impossible to perform a proper burial. Some may have returned in the late 1980s. Despite Khulusi's release, it is unclear if the conviction and death sentence against him still stand. Alessandro Bausani. Zoroastrianism is at the core of Iranian's identity. [49], In 1984 the government began to request religious affiliation on questionnaires for passports. All other non-Muslim religions combined constitute 1% of the country’s population. Reports of new threats to “uproot” the community in Shiraz. Some of this emigration is connected with the larger, general waves of departures following the establishment of the Islamic Republic, but some also stems from continued perceived anti-Semitism on the part of the government and within society. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as its name suggests, is one of the few countries in the world whose government is a theocracy. [48], Some issues dealing with Christianity in Iran deal more directly with the Armenian ethnic minorities. GAMAAN Religion in Iran 2020 – identifications. The Islamic Revolutionary Court in Mashhad held a 2-day trial in September 1999 and sentenced Khulusi to death in February 2000. Religion is a moral, an aspect in life that is, in a sense, a motive to keep on living. Alongside Shiism and Sunnism, other schools of thoughts represented in Iran, such as Sufi order. In response to repeated attempts (between 1982 and 1984) by the Iranian representative to the United Nations to convince the United Nations diplomatic community that the Baháʼí Faith is a politicized organization with a record of criminal activism against the Iranian government,[19] the United Nations has stated that there has been no evidence of Iran's claims and that the Baháʼí community in Iran professes its allegiance to the state. [19] The United Nations also stated that if the Iranian government did acknowledge that the Baháʼí Faith is a religion, it would be an admission that freedom of religion does not apply to all in Iran and that it is not abiding by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenants on Human Rights to which it is a signatory.[18]. [22] There was also compromise of sorts allowed both Hebrew and Persian language use in Jewish schools. [12] Most fifth grade students refused to take the test and 3rd grade students handed in blank pages. Iran has been the home of several religions, which either arose in it or found a permanent abode within its boundaries. If you want to travel to Iran, we stand for finding and selecting the best Iran tours and Iran experiences by local providers and guides considering sustainable tourism. The letter was brought to the attention of the international community by Asma Jahangir, the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights on freedom of religion or belief, in a March 20, 2006 press release. The Government claims that the directive is a forgery. Long before Christianity or Islam there was another monotheistic religion that dominated ancient Persia. Shia Islam is one of the two main branches of Islam, alongside Sunni. [40], Furthermore, a confidential letter sent on October 29, 2005 by the Chairman of the Command Headquarters of the Armed Forced in Iran states that the Supreme Leader of Iran, Ayatollah Khamenei has instructed the Command Headquarters to identify people who adhere to the Baháʼí Faith and to monitor their activities and gather any and all information about the members of the Baháʼí Faith. The vast majority of Iranians are Muslims, more precisely Shia Muslim, which is the official religion of the Islamic Republic. Zoroastrians believe in a single God, named Ahura Mazda, who is the creator of the cosmos and is mentioned in Achaemenid inscriptions and sites such as Persepolis. [citation needed] Iran has denied many components of Nadarkhani's story, and has even described such claims by Western media as "propaganda". Later, under the reign of Bahram I, Manicheism became the state religion of the Sassanid Empire. The United Nations pointed to the Baháʼí teaching of obedience to the government of one's country and stated that any involvement in any subversive acts against the government would be antithetical to precepts of the Baháʼí religion. Three of these seats are reserved for members of the Christian faith, including two seats for the country's Armenian Christians, and one for Assyrians. She further states that "The Special Rapporteur is concerned that this latest development indicates that the situation with regard to religious minorities in Iran is, in fact, deteriorating. It shares similarities with the other religions of the Book, Christianity and Islam, starting with the faith in one just and compassionate God. In addition some Iranian embassies abroad do not require applicants to state a religious affiliation. The Constitution of Iran stip… Introduction . Iran: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (HRP 2001). Manicheism was spread through many parts of the world between the third and seventh century, especially with the development of the Silk Road, which brings Manichean ideas from China to the Roman Empire. Sunnis in Iran are found among ethnic minorities such as Arabs, Kurds, Baluchis, and Turks, populations which are mostly located at the borders of the country. The Government's seizure of Baháʼí personal property, as well as its denial of Baháʼí access to education and employment, are eroding the economic base of the Baháʼí community. [18][26], Baháʼís regularly are denied compensation for injury or criminal victimization. Most Iranians are Muslims. [21] In contrast to other registered religious minorities starting in 1983, Jewish families were prevented from traveling as a group and if one member of the family traveled then another family member's passport was held. [2], The Government fuels anti-Baháʼí sentiment in the country. There were restrictions on music at events. No part of the contents may be republished or distributed in any form or by any means without the prior written permission and referring to TasteIran. Government officials have stated that the Baháʼís are not a religious minority, but a political organization which was associated with the Shah's regime, is against the Iranian Revolution and engages in espionage activities. Iran’s government has continued to imprison, harass and intimidate people based on religious beliefs, according to an annual State Department report on religious freedom released on June 10. It was the official religion of Elam, an ancient Pre-Iranian civilization, and counted a vast number of gods. During the period covered by the report, the Government also seized private homes in which Baháʼí youth classes were held despite the owners having proper ownership documents. % are Shi‟a almost all of the country in prison for proselytizing religion are,. 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