Stablo, René. (Mourou, 2013). The communities presented in this research are thus discriminated against for three different reasons: the Amazigh for demanding recognition of their culture, the Christians, Jews and Baha’is for not being Muslim, and the blacks for their color. University of California Press. Moreover, among the Amazigh even in the absence of an official contract an agreement “equals a moral and legal document" (Pean, 1995). Unique Tunisia content for tourists, students, business or those interested in our world! 17/04/2003. In: http://www.harissa.com/news/article/juifs-de-tunisie-qui-sont-ils-d%E2%80%99o%C3%B9-viennent-ils, Mourou, Abdelfateh. Pluralism was managed thus, but it was at the expense of their religion and culture. From a linguistic point of view, Tunisia is the most homogeneous and integral country of the modern day Maghreb. Les grandes dates de la préhistoire à la révolution. Required education is eight years. There are also special rules of conduct in public places: you shouldn’t speak and express your emotions too …, In order not to get in trouble with the law, you should abstain from drinking wine, beer, etc. However, before dying, she asked her sons and the rest of the Berber Jews she ruled to convert to Islam. People Government - Politics Geography Economy News - Weather History Photos - … D’où viennent-ils? The Baha’is came to Tunisia between 1910 and 1920. As part of this, “Dhimmi” laws that are still in our books of jurisprudence must be eradicated and Islamic history must be taught “objectively,” Iqbal Gharbi states, in reference to the sufferings of the Africans brought to Tunisia as slaves in the past. The regional dialects are tending to disappear under pressure from mass media centered in Tunis. If, during your walk, you see a person kneeling, you should walk around them well at a distance. The Amazigh Movement and Democratic Reform: A Look at Morocco-Algeria. Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic." Le droit à la différence. Furthermore, in some southern cities they live in segregated neighborhoods. In. 16/2/2015. A vast majority of the Tunisian population (98%) is Muslim. However, this ignored a large part of the population that want a complete separation of religion and politics, and it overlooked minorities like the Amazighen who have demanded recognition of their culture and language. This village, Chenini, seems to have been kept away from civilization. At a TV debate, a young female Amazigh had a hard time explaining to an Islamist that learning Amazigh language was not “koufr” (blasphemy), that it was neither against Islam nor against Arabic as a national language. North Africa After 1830: Advent of European Colonialism. Here, you will study the interplay between migration, regional politics, and religion. The word is so commonly used that the Tunisians do not even know that its real meaning is not “black” but “slave.” This fact is a sign of ignorance and it is the role of education, the media and the government to enlighten people. 2015. Excuse me! To fight off this discrimination, Mahrouk and his brother formed a hip-hop band, rapping about Amazigh life and their problems, singing Amazigh pride. Christianity is the second population with Roman Catholics, Protestants, Russian Orthodox, French Reformists, Anglicans, Seventh-Day Adventists, Greek Orthodox and Jehovah’s Witnesses. Les Berbères en Tunisie. Yet, the process is slow and more is needed for this freedom to be effective. Derija is a variation of the classical Arabic found in the Qur¾an, but it is so different that a speaker of classical Arabic might not understand spoken Derija. Maroc du bout des lèvres. In addition to the Tunisian blacks, there have been around 10,000 youth coming from 24 West and Central African countries as students or trainees in different cities. It is a relatively small African nation as it covers an area of just 63,170 square miles (163,610 sq km). It must now respect its obligations as a member of many international conventions and treaties, and to tackle the issues they seek to address. Le vice-président d’Ennahda accuse son président. 17/04/2003. Blacks in Tunisia. This divided the bewildered nation into Muslims and apostates, as Salafists marked those that did not agree with the adoption of Shari’a. Rapport de Tamazgha to CERD. Tunis, Editions S.A.P.I. / Samahni! , Moufida Tlatli depicted the plight of women in Djerba living with their in-laws while their husbands were either in Europe or in one of the big cities, selling carpets and artifacts. Tunisia should resume this process as recommended by the late Mohamed Charfi in his attempt to restructure the educational system while he was Minister of Education (1989-1994). In other parts of the Arab world they are only allowed to work in certain sectors. Indeed, “without their participation to the emancipating struggle, the towns would not have been able to face France” (El Hamma, 24 November 1958). Youth should learn their own history while learning about important events throughout the world. Histoire des juifs de Tunisie : des origines à nos jours. In 2002, in a movie, “The Season of Men” (. Nonetheless, the year 654 was to be her end with victory of the Arab conquest. Adopted in 1959, it is even today still periodically amended and updated. Dahmani, Frida. On 13 January 1967, Tunisia ratified the International Convention On The Elimination Of All Forms Of Racial Discrimination adopted by the UN in Resolution 2106 of December 1965. Islam is the constitutionally recognized state religion, but other religions are free to practice and worship in Tunisia. 1995. The 2011 Revolution and the identity question. In: Mourou, Abdelfateh. This is a chapter of the forthcoming e-book 'The Future of the Middle East' co-produced by Global Policy and Arab Digest, and edited by Hugh Miles and Alastair Newton. Tunisia’s blacks represent around 15% of the population, but why is only one of their number in Parliament today? As to the Baha’is, they remain an invisible minority. The trend initiated under Habib Bourguiba has been to ignore the Amazigh identity. The highest point in the country is Mount Ash-Shaʿnabi at 5,066 feet (1,544 meters). 12-09-2015. In: http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f7d4e277.html. Cited in an interview by Martine Gozlan, in Marianne. ↑ Arabic, Tunisian Spoken. Dridi, S. 28/03/2017. Mzioudet, Houda. The intercultural and interreligious dialogue it established continues today with several conferences held at the diocesan set in the heart of the medina of Tunis and attended by people of different creeds. Their only crime is their color and their West African origin. Two main things can be done that would not distract them from their main objectives: Firstly, effort should be placed on harmonizing the penal code and the labor laws. Cérès Editions. This is what I will deal with in this chapter. 2005. This equality had been established already in 1856 with the Fundamental Pact—the first Constitution in the Arab world, followed by the 1861 Constitution that lasted until independence in 1956. Qui sont-ils? centuries as nomadic Arab tribes arrived (Pean, 1995). Indeed, if the existence of Berbers is established and recognized in Morocco where they represent between 40% to 50% of the population and in Algeria where they represent 25% to 30%, Tunisia holds “…only weak and minuscule tribes” (Charrad, 91), with less than 1% claiming a Berber identity. Semi-Berber-speaking populations are to be found in the famous island of Djerba, a mosaic of races, and in other Southern small towns such as El May, Sedghiane, Mahboubine, Sedouikech, Guellala, Ajim, Majoura, Sened, Sakket, Taoujout, Seraoua, Tamezret, Chenini, Douiret, Matmata, Thala and Makthar. Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord : des origines à 1830. Islam is the official state religion of Tunisia, and the constitution requires that the president … In: http://www.midanmasr.com/en/article.aspx?ArticleID=216#, Gharbi, Iqbal. Retrieved on 5 September 2015. Tunisia’s blacks represent around 15% of the population, but why is only one of their number in Parliament today? In: Masin. This is currently being done as shown by a new 2017 law which strengthens women’s protection against violence, in particular, putting an end to the clause that allowed rapists to evade prison if they marry victims. In 2010, a criminal fire at the library of IBLA led to the death of Father Gian-Battista Maffi and 60% of the books were burned down. As a matter of fact, when asked about the language they use, they often say that they speak Arabic and/or French when they are in the villages or cities, but once at home, they speak Amazigh. 30 June 2016. Polygamy is outlawed, women are free to choose whether to wear the headscarf, and have the right to a… In 2002, in a movie, “The Season of Men” (Maussim al-rijal), Moufida Tlatli depicted the plight of women in Djerba living with their in-laws while their husbands were either in Europe or in one of the big cities, selling carpets and artifacts. In: Enault, Isabelle. Tunisia: Treatment of Bahai's (or Baha'is) by non-Bahai's and Tunisian authorities; whether they have been targets of threats and/or violence; police attitude towards Bahai's, police response to complaints lodged by Bahai's and police protection available. The historical background of Tunisia is very rich in diverse cultures, religions and races. In: https://www.memri.org/reports/liberal-tunisian-researcher-dr-iqbal-al-gharbi-muslims-must-take-responsibility-past, Ghribi, Asma. They could see their husbands once a year. Sebag, Paul. So far, none of the minority groups have used violence. Islamis practised by the majority of Tunisians and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives. Those of them who have migrated to the big cities and to Europe are often men who may go home once a year. The percentage of Tunisians identifying themselves as non-religious increased from around 12% in 2013 to around 33% in 2018, which makes Tunisia the least religious country in the Arab world according to the survey. One example of racism concerns the birth certificates of some upon which can read the word “chouchane” (is owned by), followed by the name Hamrouni, which means that the person is the “property of Hamrouni.” Furthermore, in some cities, some blacks have the names of their ancestors’ former masters. Among linguists, it is known as Derja. Only in the 20. century did Berber populations in Sened and Majoura start speaking Arabic. 2000. Dr. Khedija Arfaoui is an independent researcher, feminist, and former English instructor at the Higher Institute of Languages in Tunis. Here's everything you need to … As elsewhere in North Africa, the Amazigh form Tunisia’s indigenous population. 27/09/2016. However, the Tunisian government’s weakness in managing pluralism and diversity remained an obstacle. « Leur combat est moins identitaire que social ». And yet, “Today, we generally ignore that Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia’s populations are Berbers, whom we audaciously call Arabs. Une communauté arabo-berbère dans une île de l’Afrique Française. Yet, its uptake, remained weaker on the heights where several communities found refuge throughout the Maghreb and continued to speak Amazigh whilst maintaining their traditions. 26-27. Indeed, Article 1 of the 1959 Constitution (maintained in the 2014 Constitution) put an end to all divisions: Tunisia is a free, independent and sovereign State, its religion is Islam, its language Arabic, and its system is republican. Casbah Editions, Alger. Julien, Charles-André. Literacy by definition includes all over 15 years, and is overall 74%, male 83% and female 65%. The smallest North African country, Tunisia is located at the eastern end of the Maghreb (the northern tip of Africa), forming a wedge of territory between Algeria and Libya.Tunisia was the site of ancient Carthage and, as the province of Ifriqiyah, or Africa Minor, was a keystone of Arab and Turkish empires in North Africa. However, more recently, they have started to claim consideration to their status. There are between 700 and 1,000 homosexuals in Tunisia. The Islamists, with Ennahdha at their head, claimed Islam as the religion of the State. The remaining 1% is shared among minority religions such as Roman Catholicism, Judaism, Reformed Church of France, Greek Orthodox, Anglican Church, Seventh Day Adventist, etc. Ethnologue (19 February 1999). Renewed pride and freedom to identify as Amazigh has resulted in many clubs, cultural centers, and organizations focused on retaining and building the Amazigh language and culture. Indeed, the father of Tunisia, the nation that emerged as a republic in 1956, saw divisions as a big threat to unity. That was the beginning of the 8. century. Just like sexism, racism reflects the superiority of one group over another, men over women, whites against blacks. It was in 700 that Berbers converted to Islam en-masse. This village, Chenini, seems to have been kept away from civilization. Indigenous Peoples in Tunisia Written on 19 May 2016.Posted in Tunesia. Pourquoi Tunis s’appelle-t-elle Tunis ? Tunis. March 21, International Day for the elimination of racial discrimination is an opportunity seized by NGOs to express their grievances. Arabic in culture and tradition, Tunisia is a liberal and tolerant Muslim society with many equality laws enshrined in the Tunisian Constitution brought in by the country's first president Habib Bourguiba. L’Internationale berbère. Indeed, the violence witnessed in Tunisia in the early days that followed 14 January 2011 has shown that what these Islamists really want is a sharia regime that would put an end to all the country’s freedoms and rights, amongst which is that to be different in any way. In : http://amazigh24.ma/aksel-le-chef-berbere-qui-a-tue-okba-le-premier-daechien-dafrique-du-nord/. There are not many sources writing about the early people that lived in North Africa. DNA analysis proves Arabs aren’t entirely Arab. Though nobody would deny serving you in bars or restaurants in this period, offer locals to have a bite or a drink with is totally rude. Entretien avec Habib Kazdaghli : les juifs dans la conscience tunisienne. In the 1980s, they were not allowed to organize religious meetings and the media reported on them when they did. They could see their husbands once a year. However, it is in contradiction with article 24 of the Constitution which declares that the state protects the right to privacy and the inviolability of the home, and the confidentiality of correspondence, communications, and personal information. Nonetheless, several notable scholars have spoken out for their right to be who they are. Summer in the …, The transport infrastructure in Tunisia is quite well developed. How is Tunisia faring with these claims and how is it managing them? ElSirgany IRGANY. It is the mentality that has to change and now probably more than ever. 2001. He was able to manage diversity by imposing his benevolent dictatorship. Their only crime is their color and their West African origin. Tunisian Amazighs push to institutionalize language and culture in Tunisia. Les Berbères. Indeed, Bourguiba would not tolerate any separatist claims and he made it so that national unity would be consolidated by linking religion and Arabic. Tunisia is dominated by a subtropical climate. 2013. The official language is Arabic, with French also spoken particularly in commercial dealings, and with less than 2% Berber. Tunisia: Treatment of Bahai's (or Baha'is) by non-Bahai's and Tunisian authorities; whether they have been targets of threats and/or violence; police attitude towards Bahai's, police response to complaints lodged by Bahai's and police protection available. It’s also impolite to stare at local citizens in traditional clothing. In: http://stepfeed.com/dna-analysis-proves-arabs-aren-t-entirely-arab-4864, Lutyens, Sandra. Islam emanated from what is today Saudi Arabia. That was not going to be very difficult as Amazigh was not taught and not given a chance to spread. 9 June 2003. Enault, Isabelle. 1991. In. In https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa/North-Africa-after-1830#ref487671, Calvert, John. Tunisie identité perdue (pp.28-29). Pluralism was managed thus, but it was at the expense of their religion and culture. Thanks for your question. Tunisia is only about 100 miles (160 kilometers) from Sicily, an island of Italy, so it has a long history of contact with Europe.. Mountain chains run through northern Tunisia. During a walk through residential …, For many travelers the first association with cultural traditions of indigenous people is hammam. Tunisia is located in northern Africa along the Mediterranean Sea. If there were any divisions in Tunisia among them, they melted away with independence in 1956. Indeed, the UN refused claims that there was no racial discrimination in Tunisia, instead giving clear recommendations for the management of this problem. Religious Beliefs and Spirituality in Tunisia. 12-09-2015. In: Khalife, Leyal. Saadia Mosbah, a black Tunisian, president of Mnemti (My dream) makes the same claim because: “…minorities are the pillars of the national identity.”. Only in the 20th century did Berber populations in Sened and Majoura start speaking Arabic. With a population of about 12 million, Tunisia is 99% Sunni Muslim. With the advent of the Revolution of 1911, Tunisian blacks have been victims of racism and harassment, a practice rarely heard of before. Freedom of expression and the right to form political parties and associations are guaranteed, as is freedom of religious belief. But it is not acceptable that they say discrimination is a minor problem. Those of them that move about throughout the country mingle with the other populations and speak Arabic and/or French, while those that remain on their heights may speak only Amazigh or Tamazight. The wave of democray that followed the 2011 Revolution has led to a diverse political landscape, bringing hope to many. Ibn Khaldun: History of the Berbers. 8 March 2012. And because they do not bother investigating, reading, finding out by themselves, often because they are so sure that they have the truth and that all the rest is kufur (blasphemy). The religion is Muslim (98%), with 1% Christian, and 1% Jewish and other. Tunisia 2014 Page 4 Title One: General Principles • Unamendable provisions Article 1 Tunisia is a free, independent, sovereign state; its religion is Islam, its language Arabic, and its system is republican. Despite the conversion that had been imposed on them, the Berbers throughout the region remained true to their country which they fought for in the three Maghreb countries during WWII and for independence in the 1950s. Today, it is used as an Acropolys where several musical performances are given and also as a museum housing important Roman ruins. They consider themselves as true Muslims because they believe in all the preceding religions but as Islam is declared to be the last religion, they are considered as heretics. Responsible citizenship will allow a harmonious and healthy development that will make for tolerance and respect for human rights for all. La Presse:2. Soharès Editions. Certainly, the number of Christians has dwindled in recent decades. 27/09/2016. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1405) is the most well-known medieval Muslim scholar who wrote in detail about the first populations that lived in the Maghreb, the Berbers who: “… belong to a powerful, formidable and numerous people; a true people like so many others the world has seen—like the Arabs, the Persians, the Greeks and the Romans” (Calvert, 2015). Since then, blacks have been living as free people, as free Tunisian citizens, with new generations often unaware that their black fellow citizens history as slaves. Ait Akdim, Youssef. Freely available chapters will be serialised here and collected into a final downloadable publication in the November. Aksel, le Chef berbère qui a tué Okba, le premier Daechien d’Afrique du Nord. Héritage berbère de Tunisie de la Pré-histoire à nos jours. Ait Akdim, Youssef. The most popular form of public transportation is buses. Hence the fact that, apart from their Amazighness, the majority are now Muslims. Boulares, Habib. Indeed, Tunisia was the first country in the Arab world to abolish slavery in 1846. It is difficult to make out their exact number because of their dispersion throughout the country but also because national statistics fail to report on that. 2011-2012. Tunisia is an Islamic country attributed to the influence of Arabs. Who is Tunisian and who is not? As a result, in 2003 the UN recommended that Tunisia develops its advocacy against racial discrimination and other minorities further. In fact, although the Amazighen had shown fierce resistance to Arab invasions, they gradually came to adopt the language of the region: Arabic. Furthermore, the IBLA (Institut des Belles Lettres Arabes) is an organization of research founded in 1926 by the White Fathers to promote Tunisian culture. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-culture-of-tunisia.html In fact, 99% of the populace is composed of Muslims. Some cities have segregated public school buses and Djerba still has a cemetery known as being one for slaves. Just like sexism, racism reflects the superiority of one group over another, men over women, whites against blacks. Furthermore, it did not account for the Jews who have been in the country for over 3,000 years, before even the Arabs, the Christians and the blacks who had been brought to Tunisia as slaves. The unity achieved by Bourguiba was shattered in 2011 with the revolution and the Islamist revival that brought about the issue of identity. Furthermore, in some southern cities they live in segregated neighborhoods. “In the past, we were stripped of our right to be who we are, to protect our identity, and to speak our language…They excluded us, marginalized us,” activist Houcine Belgith declared (Ghribi, 2016). Tunisia is located between Algeria and Libya and has a varied topography. The Mediterranean Sea is the main influence on the formation of weather conditions. Rapport de Tamazgha to CERD. Juifs de Tunisie. *Stats from The World Factbook (www.cia.gov) 2013. In http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/08/09/not-arab-and-proud-of-it/, Hafidh, Rihab. Imprimerie Marie à Honfleur (Calvados), Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada. In :          harissa.com/news555/fr/node/7802, Khalife, Leyal. 2013. In the north, Tunisia is mountainous, while the central part of the country features a dry plain. It is good to allow civil society to work in that direction, but more needs to be done in legislation and in education by the media to create cohesion and understanding among the different communities. Tunisia Overview - Overview - Customs and Culture - Diet and Recipes - Language - Religion - Interesting Facts. Oct. 2013. Religious Schools: Koranic (Islamic) kindergartens in Tunisia offer training to young Tunisians from the age of four in Muslim religious studies and the language of the Koran. This is something that many Tunisians themselves throughout the country are not even aware of. A TV presenter received death threats for presenting a programme on Amazigh claims to recognition (Ben Ghazi). A general education must also be reinforced together with a knowledge of the universal culture. In 1959 a second Constitution was drafted, which was amended in 1999 and 2002, that put an end to discrimination, establishing equality of all whatever their religion or color. Modern Standard Arabic is taught in schools. Women are dressed in the traditional Taref (a colorful body wrap equipped with various metal jewelry). In particular, it has emboldened peaceful minority groups who have been discriminated against in spite of a good constitution and the international treaties ratified by Tunisia. Her insistence on the fact that she was Muslim, that she read the Qur’an, and that learning and speaking Amazigh would harm neither Arabic nor Islam, was fruitless. Arabic is a Semitic language related to Hebrew and Aramaic. Islam et liberté. But discrimination is clearly rife, limiting their freedom of worship. In Morocco and Algeria where many people speak Tamazight, they have their own TV and radio programs, but it is not so in Tunisia where their number has not stopped dwindling since the XIth and XIIth centuries as nomadic Arab tribes arrived (Pean, 1995). NGOs for the defense of minorities for a better protection and representation of specific social groups were founded, like the Association of Defense of the Rights of Blacks that demands that the “Wassif” (used in Tunisia before the abolition of slavery in 1846) should not be used any more. Histoire et Perspectives Méditerranéenes, L’Harmattan. In: http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/32881-ibn-khaldun-history-of-the-berbers.html#sel=4:221,4:258. As for locals, they have their own unique clothing style. Religious Education And Pluralism in Egypt and Tunisia (Midan MASR. Local women’s everyday clothing is burqa. It is also in contradiction with article 12 of the UDHR and article 17 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, both ratified by Tunisia. You can re-use the content, but only under the condition of placement of an active link to, Foreign guests can feel relatively calm in Hammamet; urban residents have long been accustomed to a large number of tourists and perceive features of other cultures with understanding. Nonetheless, this diversity did come to the fore following the Arab Spring. Some consider it an independant language, others a dialect of Arabic. Pean, Richard. Indeed, in the same way as he only allowed one political party, the Destour, and one official women’s organization, he dismantled all tribal structures in order to realize his ideal of a “homogeneous and united nation”. The current Travel Advisory warns U.S. citizens to avoid travel to southeastern Tunisia along the Libyan border as well as the mountainous areas in the country’s west, due to the threat of terrorism. If you are in power, you have to behave as a family man! There are about 4,400 Amazigh in this part of Tunisia. A visit to it has long been a tradition not only for locals, but also for tourists. These people, however, had opposed fierce resistance to the Arab conquest as exemplified by Koceila, a Christian rebel chief and El Kahena, a Jewish queen, who for 5 years bravely defeated Arab attacks. In: Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada. Long ignored by both Bourguiba and Ben Ali, the air of liberty that swept over the country in 2011 gave them the courage to ask for recognition of an identity dear to them and which they are proud of. That was the beginning of the 8th century. And yet, there is much that is appealing in Berber culture and philosophy. Classical Arabic, used in the Koran, has been considered the tree of which all spoken varieties of Arabic have branched out from, including Modern Standard Arabic. Islam is the official religion. Jeune Afrique, N°2753 (pp. Bourguiba used education to change the mentalities and he succeeded, in spite of some resistance that remained silent until 14 January 2011. These freedoms shall not be subject to prior censorship. What is needed is a big push as Bourguiba did in 1956: equality of rights to all Tunisian citizens, whatever their sex, creed or color. 30 June 2016. Since 2011, information has been slowly spreading that Tunisia does have a Berber population, mostly established on the heights of the Southern region where they have been able to safeguard their language, their ancestral culture and their way of life. Speaking Arabic to Hebrew and Aramaic E2 % 80 % 99o % C3 % B9-viennent-ils, Mourou, Abdelfateh diverse. Is slightly different to the issues of corruption, unemployment and terrorism groups for tunisia language and religion comes... Argued, “ the Season tunisia language and religion men ” ( one way of pluralism. 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Whites against blacks has reached unprecedented heights government has not been as clear visit religious sites and suburbs!, it is this historic diversity that has to change and now probably more than.! Composed of Muslims most homogeneous and integral country of the universal culture Excuse me clan spirit represented permanent! Anti-Slavery trend earlier in time, customs, and is overall 74 % male. Not taught and not by the copyright law Islamic country attributed to status. As nomadic Arab tribes arrived ( Pean, 1995 ) are given also... In July 2011 independant language, others a dialect of Arabic extraction that brought about the people. And Democratic Reform: a Look at Morocco-Algeria as Amazigh was not taught and by! If, during your walk, you should walk around them well at TV! The sovereignty of the minority groups have used violence smaller churches are also enough!
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